Efficient risk assessment for nanomaterials in aquatic systems: IATAs to support grouping and read-across
Integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATAs) can optimise testing strategies and minimise the use of test animals in chemical risk assessment. Recently, aquatic IATAs have been developed that efficiently integrate the limited information on the fate and effects of nanomaterials. This approach can significantly improve the risk assessment of nanomaterials. However, IATAs are not yet widely accepted or implemented in regulatory risk assessment.