The flu epidemic in the winter of 2019/2020 was mild and lasted only 5 weeks.

The annual influenza epidemic in the winter of 2018-2019 was less severe than the year before. Approximately 400,000 people have had the flu.

How can the process of validation, acceptance and use of animal-free innovative approaches to assess the safety of chemicals be facilitated?

Influenza vaccination reduces the number of influenza virus infections but not the overall number of illness.

Health effects due to exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles via food, food supplements and toothpaste cannot be excluded.

Last winter season, the duration and severity of the influenza epidemic was moderate compared to previous years.

Both regulators and manufacturers need to evaluate and manage consumer health risks that may be posed by the use of nanomaterials in cosmetics.