Abstract

A growing number of consumers have a 3D printer at home, or engage the services of specialized companies to print products. Frequently printed products include miniature figurines and components of technical and other equipment, as well as products used in daily life, such as phone cases.

The Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) was commissioned by the Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) to investigate whether the use of 3D printers and the associated products poses any risks to consumers. RIVM concluded that this is indeed the case, but that the severity of the risks involved cannot be accurately determined based on the available information. The risks depend to a large extent on consumers' exposure to specific materials or substances released during the printing process.

Three-dimensional printing - also known as additive manufacturing - usually involves melting plastic wires and forming successive layers of material to create the required product. Technical risks (e.g. consumers suffering a burn from touching the hot printer or the hot plastic) can be easily mitigated through safe and responsible use. The printing process also produces fumes and small particles that can be inhaled by consumers. Adequate ventilation is important in order to reduce this risk. In addition, consumers may be exposed to chemical substances when using the printed products. Such exposure may occur through contact with the skin (e.g. in the case of jewellery) or mouth (e.g. children's toys and drinking cups).